Theodore Roosevelt s Study Of The War Of 1812 - 1318 Words

Background Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858 and died on January 6, 1919. He was the son of Theodore Roosevelt Senior, and Martha Stewart Bulloch, and was fortunate enough to attend Harvard University and Colombia Law School. He accomplished a lot of things in his life which led to him having a successful career in whatever he pursued. He was a politician, author naturalist, soldier, explorer, and historian who happened to become the 26th president of the United States of America. Roosevelt as a Naval Officer Roosevelt started off by writing a book while still at Harvard about the Naval War of 1812 and how the US Navy played a huge role. In this book he illustrated different strategies that could’ve been used†¦show more content†¦With John D. Long sick, the current secretary of navy, Roosevelt was able to test some of his theories out while he prepared for war with Spain, which led to a naval dominance by the Americas. New York City’s Police Commissioner It all began by Roosevelt declining to run for Mayor of New York in 1894. By 1895 Roosevelt became president of the board of New York City Police Commissioners for two years and started to change the police force. As he took the president spot, the New York Police Department was known for being the most corrupt in America at the time. Roosevelt would have regular inspections of the police department and would pick new rookies based on their physical and mental statues. Roosevelt being the smart man that he was, would make a habit of walking through officers territories at night and in the morning to make sure they were doing their jobs and weren’t slacking. With the breaking apart of the board of commissioners, time would tell that Roosevelt would later replace the whole Police Commissioners with a single Police Commissioner. Theodore Roosevelt as Vice-President Roosevelt originally wanted a second term as governor or to be in the cabinet of the War Department, his closest friend Henry Cabot Lodge saw that this was a dead end and encouraged him to try and become a vice president. McKinley refused to make Roosevelt the secretary of war but didn’t have a problem to allow him to become a Vice President. Roosevelt as Vice President was

Songs of Silence Free Essays

Songs of Silence – LITERATURE NOTES ABOUT CURDELLA FORBES * Born in Claremont, Hanover, in Jamaica. * Taught at the University of the West Indies from 1990 to 1995. * She is currently a professor of Caribbean Literature at Howard University. We will write a custom essay sample on Songs of Silence or any similar topic only for you Order Now CURDELLA FORBES’ NOVELS * Songs of Silence, 2003 * Flying with Icarus, 2003 * A Permanent Freedom, 2008 * From Nation to Diaspora: Samuel Selvon, George Lamming And the Cultural Performance of Gender, 2005 SUMMARY The book is about the recollections of a female narrator called Marlene (Nice). Her recollections are dispersed chronologically, and appear to have no rational order, but many of the same characters can be found in most of the ‘stories’, which occur in and around the same district. SETTING * Rural Jamaica. * Recollections/ stories are set in the 1960’s. MAJOR CHARACTERS: Marlene, Effita, No Name, Nathan, Miss Minnie, Raymond, Ionie, Maas Barber, Long Man, Cudjoe Man, Dolly, Minna, Mr. Papacita. RECOLLECTIONS/ STORIES 1. ‘EFFITA’ This is a recollection of the Sunday ritual of taking food to Aunt Sare. Her habit of praying for the carrier of the food is explored in great detail. The comedic telling of Effie’s death announcements is another detail that is explored. We learn what happens when she gives a wrong announcement for Melwyn, and no announcement for Son Son. This recollection ends with Effie’s death in 1995, with the implication that few people attended her funeral, despite the fact that most of the people in the district were related. SETTING: Green Town, Maaga Bay, Lucea, Montego Bay. CHARACTERS: Marlene/ Nice – the protagonist and narrator. Effita – the person who did informal death announcements for the district. Son Son – the narrator’s male schoolmate who died, also Effie’s nephew. Melwyn – Marlene’s cousin who was shot by Chisel Bwoy, then given an incorrect death announcement by Effie. Aunt Sare – the elderly lady who was a mid-wife. She would pray for every child that delivered food for her. Ionie – Marlene’s mother Chisel Bwoy – the police constable who shot Melwyn Miss Zeta – the shop owner. Maas Levi – the only person in the district with a car, an old Chevrolet that the villagers called ‘May Reach’. Mass Rat – the carpenter and coffin maker. Miss Herfa – Man Teacher’s wife and a teacher herself. Man Teacher – the principal of the local school. THEMES – death, old age. 2. ‘A STORY WITH NO NAME’ This is the story of a lady with no name. It is reputed that she was abandoned by her wealthy family. She is an anomaly in the district because she is high coloured, did not speak, was very expressive in church before her silence, and was reclusive. She put her reclusive nature on pause once a month, when she went to town in order to visit the post office to collect packages. The story gets interesting when she got pregnant and no-one knew the father. The child became her life, and she shared him with no one, but kept him to herself. He turned out to be even more silent than his mother. It was, however, rumoured that Maas Barber, Marlene’s father, was the child’s father. In between the telling of this story, is Marlene’s explanation of her own silence. SETTING: Tam Briscoe Hill, Baltree District, CHARACTERS Marlene/ Nice – the protagonist and narrator. No Name – the light skinned lady who was related to the Briscoes (rich landowners in the district)Ionie – Marlene’s mother. Maas Barber – Marlene’s father. Magsie – Marlene’s sister. Long Man – a traveler who used to pass through the district and stay at the narrator’s house. Luce Blagrove – the person who spread the rumour that Paul was Maas Barber’s child. Miss Clemmy – the lady who ran the post office. Paul – No Name’s son. Evert Briscoe – He was the only member of the Briscoe family who came home sometimes, he owned the piece of hill and the land that Maas Barber oversaw. THEMES: Racism, Alienation, Women in Society, Silence 3. ‘NATHAN’ This is the story of Nathan, Marlene’s brother. They were two years apart and were different from their other siblings because they were companions silence. Details are told of Nathan’s extreme ‘tightness’, or thriftiness, versus his sister’s need to give everything away. He eventually married a woman whom he adored, despite the fact that she was very loud, and had three children. Marlene describes Nathan as a very stubborn man. She reports a particular incident with an MP where he won a substantial settlement due to his stubbornness. Marlene maintains that they still have a good relationship. Great details are given about Marlene’s silence, along with her struggle to accept her brothers when/ while they were going through puberty. SETTING: Baltree District CHARACTERS Marlene – The narrator. Nathan – Marlene’s brother who was stubborn and very quiet. Everette – Marlene’s sister who likes to go to court to listen to the cases. Marlene heard the story of Nathan’s altercation with the MP from her. Tony -Marlene’s older brother. MP – The person that Nathan got in a fight with and received a settlement. THEMES: Love and family relationship, silence. 4. ‘THE IDIOT’ This recollection speaks about school and education. It begins with the story of Ionie’s pride taking a beating when she had to ask some-one, whom she had previously snobbed, for help. The story continues with Marlene explaining why she liked school. She speaks of her two scholastic rivals, Ezekiel and Wellesley, as well as the class dunce, Bas. She explains the phenomena of partially going to school due to farming responsibilities. We then learn that, in high school, she was the only person that would grudgingly speak to Ezekiel, who eventually dropped out of school. He ended up being very successful and Marlene felt bad because she did not treat him well. SETTING: Maggoty, Black Shop, St. James, St. Andrew. CHARACTERS Marlene – The narrator, extremely bright, was placed above her age range, in the class, due to her strong scholastic ability. Magsie – Marlene’s older sister. Bathsheba Watkiss – Ezekiel Watkiss’ sister and a teacher. Miss Herfa – A teacher and Man Teacher’s wife. Man Teacher – The principal. Pa Brown – The man who Ionie snubbed, and he had to help her to cross the river. Ezekiel Watkiss (Hog) – A student in the class who was her scholastic rival, despite not going to school consistently. Miss Celine – A teacher. Bas – the duncest boy in the class, did not attend school consistently. Wellesley Black (Goggleeye) – Another scholastic rival at school, he attended school regularly and was the correct age for the class. Nerissa Black – Wellesley’s sister and a pupil teacher who taught the lower grades. THEMES: childhood lessons, education and society, silence. 5. ‘MISS MINNIE’ This is the story of Raymond and Miss Minnie. Miss Minnie got married to Lester after his girlfriend deserted him, as well as their young son Raymond. Miss Minnie was an extremely good mother to Raymond, making him the centre of her life, especially after Lester died. Raymond became a successful individual and took Miss Minnie with him to live in Kingston. Great changes occurred in Kingston because he met his mother and brothers, which created waves in the relationship between himself and Miss Minnie. She was eventually diagnosed with depression and low self esteem. This created another change in their relationship, to the point where Raymond would not allow another woman to get between him and Miss Minnie. Marlene declares that, based on this fact, she cannot wait on him because he will never marry as long as Miss Minnie is alive. SETTING: Baltree District, Lucea, Kingston. CHARACTERS: Marlene – The narrator, she was in a romantic relationship with Raymond. Miss Minna – Raymond’s step mother who made him her life, she sells in the market, went to live with Raymond in Kingston in order to take care of him. Lester – Raymond’s father. He is very quiet and died while Raymond was still young, he was a shoe maker. Maas Baada – He read the newspaper to the men in the shoe shop and was affectionate towards Raymond, where his father was not. Raymond’s mother – Rumoured that she was a go-go dancer, she left when Raymond was a young child, instigated a meeting with him when he was a successful adult, attempted to become a part of his life. Sam Nichol – Raymond’s half brothers, from his mother’s side. THEME – Love and family relationship, silence. 6. ‘Morris Hole’ This is the story of how Marlene lost the river. She explains what the river meant to her through her visual description of Morris Hole, as well as the activities that use to occur there. She lost the river when her mother abruptly told her that she could not use it, without any explanation. She then recounts her white ancestry, as well as the traumatic experiences associated with her paternal great grandparents. SETTING – Baltree District, Morris Hole. CHARACTERS Marlene – The narrator, she is entering puberty in this recollection. Miss Retinella Martin – Marlene’s aunt. Munchie – Marlene’s cousin. Ionie – Marlene’s mother, she is grappling with her daughter entering puberty. Miss Clemmy, Miss Nellie – part of the group of Seventh Day Adventist women who wash by the river on Sunday mornings. Sister Sis – Marlene’s great grandmother who did not know the father of her child, and therefore named Gussie Bugess. Maas Gussie Burgess – a very pretty man, tall and brown with nice hair, who lived in Maaga Bay, named as grandpa Eric’s father. Granpa Eric – The ‘supposed’ product of a union between Maas Gussie and Sister Sis. Puppa ; Mummah – Maas Barber’s grandparents and his children’s great grandparents, they are white. Maas Barber – Marlene’s father. THEME: Race, loss of innocence. 7. ‘TRAVELLERS, OR FATHERS, OR LITTLE FOOL-FOOL’ This is the story of different kinds of love. There is parental love, as represented by Cudjoe Man and Dolly. Cudjoe Man is admired throughout the district for his devotion to his mentally challenged daughter. He combs her hair, dresses her, provides for her every need and is extremely protective of her. He even disregards his attraction to Minna, a possible love match, in order to concentrate on his child. We also learn of a contrasting relationship between Minna and Samson. The romantic love between theses two people is polluted by physical abuse. This abuse is whispered throughout the district, but things come to a head when Samson beats Minna with such trength and aggression that she is hospitalized. This beating occurred because Minna got in a fight with Dottie over Cudjoe Man. This confirmed Samson’s paranoia about Minnie cheating on him, and the result was beating her senseless, and then being attacked by Cudjoe-Man. Cudjoe Man ended up in jail and Dottie stayed with a family in the district until relatives from Ki ngston came to get her. SETTING: Baltree district, St. Ann, Green Town, Grant Ridge, Somerset St James CHARACTERS: Uncle Cuthbert (Cuttiie) – A traveller in his young days who told the children stories of his journeys. Cudjoe Man – A traveller who decided to stay in Baltree district and a devoted father to Dottie. Dolly (Fool-Fool/ Doll-Doll) – Cudjoe Man’s mentally challenged daughter. Pappa Lazzy – The gentleman who gave Cudjoe-Man a place to rest before he decided to stay in Baltree district. Long Man – A consistent visitor/ traveller to Marlene’s family. Lobie – He was famous in the district for his womanizing, began ‘noticing’ Dottie. Big Man Cassels – Lobie’s father, it was rumoured that he made inappropriate comments about Cudjoe Man and his daughter’s relationship. Linval – Marlene’s brother Miss Herfa – A teacher, Man Teacher’s wife. Minna – Samson’s girlfriend, flirted with Cudjoe Man, brutally beaten by Samson after the fight. Dottie – Cudjoe Man’s girlfriend, fought with Minna when she heard of the flirting incident between Minna and Cudjoe Man. THEMES: Love, love and family relationship, women in society. 8. ‘SO FEW AND SUCH MORNING SONGS’ Mr. Papacita’s story tells of the great love that he has for his wife. They played together and were very romantic with each other. The story also highlights Mr. Papacita’s beautiful voice, how he charmed everyone with it, how he lost it when his wife died, and regained it – to an extent – when he found the church. Mr. Papacita was a happy and carefree man when his wife was alive, but when she died, he became self destructive. He was always drunk, and literally passed out in the road when he was on one of his drunken tirades. He spent three weeks in the hospital and came out a changed man. He became very quiet, and one day he surprised everyone by going to church, becoming baptized and regaining a bit of his beautiful voice. SETTING – Baltree district. CHARACTERS Mr. Papacita – Miss Aita’s husband, he had a beautiful voice, lost himself to grieve initially, but eventually found the church. Miss Aita – Mr. Papacita’s wife, she died of cancer. Miss Nellie – Town gossip. Maas Levi – Owner of the Chevrolet, the only car in the district. Maas Don – The taylor THEMES: Love, religion 9. ‘EPILOGUE: A BEGINNING’ This epilogue takes the reader to the point at which Marlene is leaving the district to attend teachers’ college in Kingston. She was afraid, excited and glad – all at the same time – at the prospect of leaving her home. She reflects that all the characters in her reflections are a part of her. GLOSSARY OF TERMS Ackee – A yellow fruit that, when cooked, looks like scrambled eggs. Blue Boot – Your best clothes. Bruk dung – Dilapidated. Bulla cake – A round, flat cake, that has the texture of a hard cookie. Bauxite – A reddish brown rock that was mined in Jamaica. Congotay – Deceitful or deceiver. Coolie royal hair – Hair type that is a cross between Indian and Black, leaning more towards Black, wild in nature. Cotta – A circular and twisted cloth that is placed on the head to cushion a load. Cry cree – To beg for mercy, usually used when people are playing. Cucumaka stick – A stick that comes from a tree, of the same name, that is believed to help in abortions, despite no scientific evidence to prove this. Dulcimina – A big, old fashioned looking suitcase. Duppy – A ghost Faas with – To trouble someone or get in their personal business. Facety – Describes a person that is rude, or behaviour that is rude. Four eye – Word for some-one who is clairvoyant. Hootiah – A person who has not been well brought up. Jacket/ give jacket – To name a man as the father of a child when he is not, the child is the ‘jacket’ that the man is given. ibber – to keep your mouth shut, not talk. Peenie-wallie – A firefly. Pickni – A small child. Gleaner – A local Jamaican newspaper. Maas – Mr. / Mister. Mirasmi – Malnutrition. Mouthamassy – someone who talks too much and gossips a lot. MP – Member of Parliament Pocomania – A religio us cult that blends Christianity and African beliefs. It carries the stigma of obeah and is not widely accepted. Tegereg – A boisterous and uncouth person. UC – University of the West Indies Hospital. Yaws – A sore that has persisted for so long that it has become infected. How to cite Songs of Silence, Essay examples

Information System And The Pyramid Model - Click to Get Solution

Question: Discuss about the Information System and the Pyramid Model. Answer: Introduction Pepper Mint Food (PMF) is a business that is owned by Catherine Siddhoti and is based out of Maree. Catherine had started the business at her home and was started locals and tourists. There are six staff personnel in PMF and have been allocated in kitchen and delivery departments. With the increase in staff members and the expansion of business, it is becoming difficult for Catherine to manage everything through manual processes. The other competitors are gradually gaining advantage through this drawback and the use of Information Systems has been suggested to Catherine for efficient management. Information Systems Information systems are a combination of hardware and software that is required for the management of data-sensitive and data-driven applications (Systems and Systems, 2016). It would help in the analysis and storage of the data. The prime purpose of Information Systems is to transform the raw data in to meaningful information (Study.com, 2016). A special form of such systems is a management information system (MIS), which provides information for managing an enterprise (WhatIs.com, 2016). These systems are divided in to two broad categories as: General purpose Information Systems Specialized Information Systems Benefits of using Information Systems Communicatio IS makes the communication between different parties easy and quick. Catherine can easily communicate with her staff members through instant messaging, emails and video calls. Globalization and cultural gap The linguistic, cultural and geographical boundaries can be reduced with the adaption of Information Systems. Sharing of information and communication becomes a lot easier. Availability Availability of the services at all times is desired by the customers. IS would enable PMF to make the information and the services available 24x7. Cost effectiveness and productivity Supply of information to the decision-makers is an effective process required in the business. Use of IS in PMF would ensure cost-savings and the productivity will also increase by a good percentage. Information Systems for PMF The basic requirements of PMF from IS are to manage the customer details, variety of meals and pricing information along with the salaries and management of the resources. Excellent delivery system and the management of raw materials is also desired by PMF. The different types of Information Systems that would benefit PMF are as listed below. Transaction Processing Systems These are the systems which are used to maintain and manage all the transaction involved with the organization. Payroll Systems Order processing systems Stock control systems Database management systems The above four systems are suggested for PMF which would help Catherine in managing the salaries of the workers, process the delivery orders places by the customers, manage the raw material and pricing information and also monitor the inventories and products in an out of stock along with their quantities (Chris-kimble.com, 2016). Management Information Systems (MIS) These are the systems that are used by the top and middle level management for smooth running of all the activities and operations. Budgeting Systems Inventory control systems These can be used by PMF for detailed reports and would help in budgeting of the entire business and activities involved under it. Decision Support Systems They offer access to databases, analytical tools, allow "what if" simulations, and may support the exchange of information within the organization. These are the knowledge based systems which are used for modeling and analytical purposes. It would be of good aid for PMF for supporting the management decisions as they have analytical and modeling capability. These would allow the management to make correct decisions such as those revolving around financial planning and logistics systems. Management Decision through IS Management decisions can be effectively taking with the help of suggested information systems for PMF. It would allow Catherine to Making a proper budget plan for the business Assess the demands and preferences of the users Predict the future demands through the analytics results Resource management and allocation of roles to the workers along with their wages and salaries Differentiate correctly between the internal and external data sources Decision on the expansion of business to other locations Extension of the delivery time to maintain the availability of the system at all times Porters Competitive Force Model Five Forces Model was designed by Porter to develop business strategies on the basis of five suggested factors (Resources et al., 2014). The model is as described below. The model can be used by PMF for winning over the competitors in the market that is currently taking over the clients of PMF. It would also help in deciding the supplies and understanding of the preferences of the customers (Competition, 2015). Use of Computer Networks in Communication and Collaboration Computer networks such as intranets and extranets along with the internet are mandatory for PMF to have good communication management and collaboration with the stakeholders in place. Digital communication networks and local area network (LANs) can be utilized by Catherine to communicate with the staff and customers (vub.ac.be, 2016). It would be useful for PMF to Sharing of the resources among the team and staff Efficient exchange of information with the staff and customers Information sharing by using Web or Internet Interaction with other users using dynamic web pages Video conferences Parallel computing Instant messaging (tutorialspoint, 2016) Management Challenges Some of the management challenges that would occur and need to be implemented during the installation of Information Systems are: There are multiple models for the Information Systems on the basis of several factors. The choice of which model to adapt to can be challenging for Catherine Lending methodologies also differ as there is no generalized concept under this Resistance of employees to bring the newer systems in practice can be challenging as well. Proper training and manuals would have to be provided to the resources Cost constraints would also play a significant role as installation of Information Systems would require a budget to bring it in service (sa-dhan.net, 2016) Social and Ethical Issues Ethics are the principles that help in differentiating between right and wrong. IS has invited some of the ethical questions for individuals as well as for the society as it would bring along a vast social change and has the potential to threaten the existing systems in terms of money, rights and policies. These systems have the power to achieve excellent social progress and at the same time can be used to commit crimes related to information and digital media. Ethical issues have emerged as an urgent issue in the world of Internet. IS makes it easier to assemble and integrate the information but the issues such as keeping the customer information safe along with the protection of policies and rights such as intellectual property and privacy emerge. Other pressing ethical issues raised by information systems include establishing accountability for the consequences of information systems, setting standards to safeguard system quality that protects the safety of the individual and society, and preserving values and institutions considered essential to the quality of life in an information society (prenhall.com, 2016). Recommendations The three Information Systems that have been recommended for PMF are Decision Support Systems, Transaction Processing Systems and Management Information Systems. Systems such as database management system, payroll system, budgeting system and stock management system are suggested under these Information systems. Also, there are several factors which are recommended to be considered to develop a competitive business strategy. The forces such as choice and preference of the users, preferred cost range, new entries in the market, technological advancements and developments along with the other suppliers should be considered before making an accurate business strategy. Conclusions PMF is a small business that has been serving its customers with pre-packaged meals. With the expansion of the business, it is required to have Information Systems in place such as transaction processing systems, Management Information Systems and Decision Support Systems. Porters competitive model is a five force model that explains five factors that can be utilized for PMF for developing accurate business strategies. Computer networks are also extremely important for communication and collaboration with the stakeholders. However, Information Systems also possess a few challenges and issues in terms of management challenges, social issues and ethical issues. References Chris-kimble.com. (2016). Different Types of Information System and the Pyramid Model. [online] Available at: https://www.chris-kimble.com/Courses/World_Med_MBA/Types-of-Information-System.html [Accessed 22 May 2016]. Competition, P. (2015). Porter's Five Forces: Analyzing the Competition. [online] Business News Daily. Available at: https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5446-porters-five-forces.html [Accessed 22 May 2016]. prenhall.com, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.prenhall.com/behindthebook/0132304619/pdf/laudon%20MIS10_CH-04%20FINAL.pdf [Accessed 22 May 2016]. Resources, H., insights, I., quotes, I., hubs, S., tips, C., Training, E., search, J., development, P. and Contributor, B. (2014). Porter's Five Forces Model | Strategy framework. [online] Cleverism. Available at: https://www.cleverism.com/porters-five-forces-model-strategy-framework/ [Accessed 22 May 2016]. sa-dhan.net, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.sa-dhan.net/Adls/Microfinance/MIS/MISIssueschallenges.pdf [Accessed 22 May 2016]. Study.com. (2016). What Are Information Systems? - Definition Types - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. [online] Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-information-systems-definition-types-quiz.html [Accessed 22 May 2016]. Systems, I. and Systems, I. (2016). Information Systems - Journal - Elsevier. [online] Journals.elsevier.com. Available at: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/information-systems [Accessed 22 May 2016]. tutorialspoint,(2016).[online]Availableat:https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/data_communication_computer_network_tutorial.pdf [Accessed 22 May 2016]. vub.ac.be, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.vub.ac.be/BIBLIO/nieuwenhuysen/courses/chapters/network.pdf [Accessed 22 May 2016]. WhatIs.com. (2016). What is IS (information system or information services)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/IS-information-system-or-information-services [Accessed 22 May 2016].

Interdependence and Adaptability Organizational Learning and the Long

Introduction Research organizations state that societal learning plays a significant role in enhancing an organization’s performance. Literature has shown that the influence of an organization’s internal framework is minimal when it comes to producing distinctions on the learning levels.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Interdependence and Adaptability: Organizational Learning and the Long-Term Effect of Integration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Vertical integration is a structural feature that leads to interdependence (Sorenson, 2000). The class objective of this paper is to assess the level of which interdependence and in specific vertical integration influences organizational learning. Another class objective that will be discussed in this paper is whether vertical integration hinders learning by doing. The last class objective is whether vertically integrated corporations gain less from experi ence in production than non- integrated organizations in steady surroundings. Discussion Vertical integration strictly restricts a corporation’s capacity to learn through doing. This is because reasonable managers find operation optimizations intricate especially when choosing on highly inter- reliant options. Integration can smooth the progress of learning by doing through cushioning activities within the organization. Firms improve in production by achieving experience, that is, they learn new things by doing. There is a positive association linking working experience and staff performance. Organizations, however, undeniably differ in their capacities both to gain knowledge internally and to learn from the actions of others (Sorenson, 2000). Integration brings about interdependence in corporations. Vertical integration slows down an organizations growth rate by reducing its baseline volume from which the organizations growth occurs. Integrated organizations can thus be disa dvantaged in comparison to their less integrated competitors. Research has further shown that vertical integration may impair with other learning types in an organization. These include the expansion of vibrant routines and the incorporation of knowledge established outside the organization (Sorenson, 2000). Vertical integration also restricts the probability of learning from other people. An integrated firm has less contact points with the exterior surrounding. While distributors might beneficially dispense knowledge across the competing manufacturers, integrated firms bar this option by not associating with suppliers. Vertical integration restricts the probability of learning from other people through the fact that even when this firms do gain knowledge from other suppliers, they may find it hard to incorporate that knowledge into the organizations’ particular production procedures they have established. Integrated firms thus undergo problems of learning disabilities beside s numerous dimensions (Argote, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above results do not, however, mean that organizations should not vertically integrate. As anticipated, vertically integrated organizations essentially learn more efficiently than their less inter- reliant competitors in unstable surroundings. Organizations may opt to integrate due to interdependence in their innovative design architecture. Integrated organizations that thrive well will gain from distributors deciding to start producing the particular constituents that they want. Victorious firms can thus disintegrate. Success augments the level of vertical integration remarkably (Argote, 1999). Modularization in the computer business elucidates changes in the worth of vertical integration with time. As the accessibility of standard constituents increases, the benefit of internal production reduces res ulting to an attrition of vertical integration benefits as the corporation matures. Regional distinctions might create the vertical integration outcomes (Argote, 1999). Conclusion Organizations suffer from trade- offs especially when selecting the most favorable organizational framework to smooth the progress of learning. In particular, firms that vertically integrate into constituent production gain less through learning by action compared to those firms that acquire constituents from external distributors. It is, therefore, evident that though integration impairs learning through doing, this only affects the corporation’s performance under constant environments. References Argote, L. (1999). Organizational Learning: Creating, Retaining, and Transferring Knowledge. Kluwer: Boston. Sorenson, O. (2000). Letting the market work for you: An evolutionary perspective on product strategy. Strategic Management J. 21, 277–292. This essay on Interdependence and Adaptability: Organizational Learning and the Long-Term Effect of Integration was written and submitted by user Eduardo O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Canadian Governor General Michalle Jean Biography

Canadian Governor General Michalle Jean Biography A well-known journalist and broadcaster in Quebec, Michaà «lle Jean emigrated from Haiti with her family at an early age. Fluent in five languages- French, English, Italian, Spanish and Haitian Creole- Jean became the first black governor general of Canada in 2005. A social activist for women and children at risk, Jean planned to use the office of governor general to help disadvantaged young people. Jean is married to filmmaker Jean-Daniel Lafond and has a young daughter. Governor General of Canada Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin chose Jean to be the governor general of Canada, and in August 2005, it was announced Queen Elizabeth II approved the choice. After Jeans appointment, some questioned her loyalty, because of reports of her and her husbands support of Quebec independence, as well as her dual French and Canadian citizenship. She repeatedly denounced reports of her separatist sentiments, as well as denounced her French citizenship. Jean was sworn into office Sept. 27, 2005 and served as the 27th governor general of Canada until Oct. 1, 2010. Birth Jean was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti in 1957. At the age of 11 in 1968, Jean and her family fled the Papa Doc Duvalier dictatorship and settled in Montreal. Education Jean has a BA in Italian, Hispanic languages and literature from the University of Montreal. She earned her masters degree in comparative literature from the same institution. Jean also studied languages and literature at the University of Perouse, the University of Florence and the Catholic University of Milan. Early Professions Jean worked as a university lecturer while completing her masters degree. She also worked as a social activist, as well as a journalist and broadcaster. Michaà «lle Jean as Social Activist From 1979 to 1987, Jean worked with Quebec shelters for battered women and helped establish a network of emergency shelters in Quebec. She coordinated a study on women as victims in abusive relationships, which was published in 1987, and she has also worked with aid organizations for immigrant women and families. Jean also worked at Employment and Immigration Canada and at the Conseil des Communautà ©s culturelles du Quà ©bec. Background of Michaà «lle Jean in Arts and Communications Jean joined Radio-Canada in 1988. She worked as a reporter and then host on the public affairs proframs Actuel, Montrà ©al ce soir, Virages and Le Point. In 1995, she anchored Rà ©seau de lInformation Radio-Canada (RDI) programs such as Le Monde ce soir, LÉdition quà ©bà ©coise, Horizons francophones, Les Grands reportages, Le Journal RDI, and RDI là ©coute. Beginning in 1999, Jean hosted CBC Newsworlds The Passionate Eye and Rough Cuts. In 2001, Jean became an anchor for the weekend edition of Le Tà ©là ©journal, Radio-Canadas major news show. In 2003 she took over as anchor of Le Midi, the daily edition of Le Tà ©là ©journal. In 2004, she started her own show Michaà «lle, which featured in-depth interviews with experts and enthusiasts. Addtionally, Jean has participated in a number of documentary films produced by her husband Jean-Daniel Lafond including La manià ¨re nà ¨gre ou Aimà © Cà ©saire chemin faisant, Tropique Nord, Haà ¯ti dans tous nos rà ªves, and Lheure de Cuba. After the Governor General Office Jean has remained publicly active after her service as the federal representative of the Canadian monarch. She served as a special envoy of the United Nations to Haiti to work on education and poverty issues in the country, and she was also the chancellor of the University of Ottawa from 2012 to 2015. Beginning on Jan. 5, 2015, Jean began a four-year mandate as the secretary general of the International Organization of La Francophonie, which represents countries and regions where French language and culture has a significant presence.

Are the Differences Between Management and Leadership Essay Example for Free

Are the Differences Between Management and Leadership Essay What are the Differences Between Management and Leadership? † Management and leadership are closely related but is not the same thing. They are both necessary and complementary to each other. In the corporate world, there are vastly different jobs that require different skills. There are similarities with the two and you can hardly become a great manager without good leadership capabilities. Being a manger does not always mean that the person has the natural ability to lead. And being a good leader does not always make for the best manager. Leaders can be found in all departments of the workplace. A person can be called a leader if he can successfully influence and encourage colleagues to work toward and objective in which the goal is beneficial to the group. The leader’s job is basically to inspire and motivate. Leadership is an ability that is difficult for some people to learn. However, they may not be able to handle difficult business related issues that a manager might have to handle. A manager is considered a leader by definition of the position. Employees are required to follow this individual as required in their job descriptions. Managers offer stability and confidence in organization. Managers are good at delegating tasks and achieving results, but may not be the first person employees look to for guidance. Management may be described as doing things right, while leadership is doing the right thing. Managers have subordinates, while leaders have followers. Employees may not feel a sense of loyalty to a manager, but will stick with the leader because they have a greater sense of belief in them. Managers who don’t have true leadership skills lack certain qualities that are attractive to followers, such as charisma. Being able to blend the styles of a leader and a manager represents a distinguished skills set. That’s why people with the ability to be leaders and mangers are found at the top of all successful companies. The most successful businesses and teams have strong leaders who know how to motivate employees and managers to the results needed to achieve success. I personally think businesses should carefully review applicants for management positions to make sure they have the abilities to lead as well as manage. If the applicant does not possess all of the qualities needed to be a great manager then perhaps they are not the right person for the job. I would not want a manager who you could not depend on in times of crisis and conflict. http://guides. wsj. com/management/developing-a-leadership-style/what -is-the-difference-between-management-and-leadership. Are the Differences Between Management and Leadership. (2018, Oct 31).

The Developing Conflict Management Skills in the Hospital Essay

The Developing Conflict Management Skills in the Hospital - Essay Example Communication is very important in making the oncology ward staff effective. I will always listen before I speak, speak slowly and clearly, use diagrams where possible to express my points and encourage questions (Ellis, 2009, p. 33). Burnard (1997, p. 83) asserts that listening shows that one cares. Furthermore, I will acknowledge differences of opinions, be open-minded, not be judgmental, accept feedback, be assertive, and share my feelings and thoughts with members of staff. Good communication ensures that interpersonal communication between leaders and followers is clear and understandable. Good communication ensures that all the team members are informed about how their actions, behaviour and work affect the hospital, patients and the society (Ellis, 2005, p. 23). Good communication skills will ensure that the vision and mission of the oncology ward are well communicated to the staff. Proficiency is necessary for informing and seeking information. I will try as much as possible to communicate with all members regularly. When a problem arises, I will meet with affected parties to discuss and arrive at an acceptable solution within twenty-four hours. I will establish direct contacts with all team members once every week to recognize their efforts and notice their concerns. In addition, I will always be explicit and clear on the expectations I have for all my team members. Effective persuasion is an important communication skill that I will alarm. It enables a leader to influence followers and other key persons in the hospital to follow a particular path or implement a certain idea.